Pathophysiology
Histologic evidence of retinacular nerve injury associated with patellofemoral malalignment
Fulkerson JP, Tennant R, Jaivin JS, et al.
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1985 (197), 196-205.
Quantitative analysis of nerve changes in the lateral retinaculum in patients with isolated symptomatic patellofemoral malalignment. A preliminary study.
Sanchis-Alfonso V, Roselló-Sastre E, Monteagudo-Castro C, Esquerdo J.
Am J Sports Med. 1998 Sep-Oct;26(5):703-9.
Decreased pulsatile blood flow in the patella in patellofemoral pain syndrome.
Näslund J, Waldén M, Lindberg LG.
Am J Sports Med. 2007 Oct;35(10):1668-73. Epub 2007 Jun 13.
Patellar motion analyzed by kinematic and dynamic axial magnetic resonance imaging in patients with anterior knee pain syndrome.
Wito?ski D, Góraj B.
Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1999;119(1-2):46-9.
New! Patellofemoral joint stress during stair ascent and descent in persons with and without patellofemoral pain.
Brechter JH, Powers CM.
Gait Posture. 2002 Oct;16(2):115-23.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: Proximal, Distal, and Local Factors, An International Retreat, April 30-May 2, 2009, Fells Point, Baltimore, MD.
Davis Irene S., Powers Christopher M.
Journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2010, 40(3), A1-A48
Diagnosis and treatment of patients with patellofemoral pain.
Fulkerson JP.
Am J Sports Med. 2002 May-Jun;30(3):447-56. Review.
The patellofemoral syndrome; the same problem as the loch ness monster?.
Grelsamer R, Moss G, Ee G, et al.
Knee. 2009. 16(5), 301-302.
Resection of clinically localized segments of painful retinaculum in the treatment of selected patients with anterior knee pain.
Kasim N, & Fulkerson JP.
American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2000, 28(6), 811-814.
A Proximal Strengthening Program Improves Pain, Function, and Biomechanics in Women With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome.
Earl JE, Hoch AZ.
Am J Sports Med. 2010 Oct 7. [Epub ahead of print]
New! Greater peak rearfoot eversion predicts foot orthoses efficacy in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome.
Barton CJ, Menz HB, Levinger P, Webster KE, Crossley KM.
Br J Sports Med. 2010 Nov 16.
New! Short-term effects of hip abductors and lateral rotators strengthening in females with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomized controlled clinical trial.
Fukuda TY, Rossetto FM, Magalhães E, Bryk FF, Lucareli PR, de Almeida Aparecida Carvalho N.
J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010 Nov;40(11):736-42.
New! Immediate effect and predictors of effectiveness of taping for patellofemoral pain syndrome: a prospective cohort study.
Lan TY, Lin WP, Jiang CC, Chiang H.
Am J Sports Med. 2010 Aug;38(8):1626-30. Epub 2010 May 26.
Pathophysiology
Current concepts review: The medial patellofemoral ligament.
Bicos J, Fulkerson J P, & Amis A.
The American journal of sports medicine. 2007, 35(3), 484-492.
Patella alta: association with patellofemoral alignment and changes in contact area during weight-bearing
Ward SR, Terk MR, Powers CM.
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Aug;89(8):1749-55.
Rotational Malalignment of the patella
Grelsamer RP, Stein D. In Common Patellofemoral Problems, J Fulkerson, Ed., American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Monograph Series. Chapter 2, 19-28, 2005.
Patellar tilt: The physical examination correlates with mr imaging.
Grelsamer R P, Weinstein C H, Gould J, et al.
The knee, 2008, 15(1), 3-8.
Patellar Instability: The Lyon experience,
Donald F, Neyret P, Servien E.
Techniques in Knee Surgery, 2007, 6(2) 112-123
Imaging
Objective patellar instability: MR-based quantitative assessment of potentially associated anatomical features.
Escala JS, Mellado JM, Olona M, Gine J, Sauri A, Neyret P.
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2006, 14(3), 264-272.
Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of the medial patellofemoral ligament lesion in acute lateral patellar dislocations considering trochlear dysplasia, patella alta, and tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance.
Balcarek P, Ammon J, Frosch S, Walde TA, Schüttrumpf JP, Ferlemann KG, Lill H, Stürmer KM, Frosch KH.
Arthroscopy. 2010 Jul;26(7):926-35.
Femoral avulsion of the medial patellofemoral ligament after primary traumatic patellar dislocation predicts subsequent instability in men: a mean 7-year nonoperative follow-up study.
Sillanpää PJ, Peltola E, Mattila VM, Kiuru M, Visuri T, Pihlajamäki H.
Am J Sports Med. 2009 Aug;37(8):1513-21.
Assessment of Patellofemoral Pain in the Athlete.
Endo Y, Shubin Stein B, and Potter H.
Radiologic Sports Health 3(2): 195-210, March/April, 2011
Surgical Techniques
MPFL Reconstruction
Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament for the treatment of habitual or recurrent dislocation of the patella in children.
Deie M, Ochi M, Sumen Y, Yasumoto M, Kobayashi K, Kimura H.
J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003 Aug;85(6):887-90.
A technique for reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament.
Muneta T, Sekiya I, Tsuchiya M, Shinomiya K.
Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999 Feb;(359):151-5.
Surgical technique and rationale for medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for recurrent patellar dislocation.
Nomura E, Inoue M.
Arthroscopy. 2003 May-Jun;19(5):E47.
Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament by tunnel transfer of the semitendinosus tendon.
Ostermeier S, Stukenborg-Colsman C, Wirth C, et al.
Operative Orthopädie und Traumatologie. 2007. 19(5-6), 489-501.
Techniques of medial retinacular repair and reconstruction.
Davis DK, Fithian DC.
Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002 Sep;(402):38-52.
Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy
Tibial tuberosity transfer for episodic patellar dislocation
Servien E, Verdonk P, Neyret P.
Sports Med Arthrosc Rev, 2007, 15(2), 61-67.
Distal Realignements.
Servien E, Piedade S, Lustig S, Neyret P.
Techniche chirurgiche in Ortopedia e Traumatologia 2007, 5(3), 129-133 – German
Anteromedialization of the tibial tuberosity for patellofemoral malalignment.
Fulkerson JP.
Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983 Jul-Aug;(177):176-81.
Trochleoplasty
Trochleoplasty in dysplastic knee trochlea.
Verdonk R, Jansegers E, Stuyts B.
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2005 Oct;13(7):529-33.
Biomechanical Effects of Surgery
MPFL Reconstruction
Technical errors during medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction could overload medial patellofemoral cartilage: a computational analysis.
Elias JJ, Cosgarea AJ.
Am J Sports Med. 2006 Sep;34(9):1478-85. Epub 2006 May 9.
Tensile strength of the medial patellofemoral ligament before and after repair or reconstruction.
Mountney J, Senavongse W, Amis AA, Thomas NP.
J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005 Jan;87(1):36-40.
Patellofemoral forces after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction: a biomechanical analysis.
Bicos J, Carofino B, Andersen M, et al.
The Journal of Knee Surgery. 2006, 19(4), 317-326.
In vitro investigation of the effect of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction and medial tibial tuberosity transfer on lateral patellar stability.
Ostermeier S, Stukenborg-Colsman C, Hurschler C, et al.
Arthroscopy. 2006 22(3), 308-319.
Dynamic measurement of patellofemoral contact pressure following reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament: An in vitro study.
Ostermeier S, Holst M, Bohnsack M, et al.
Clinical Biomechanics. 2007, 22(3), 327-335.
In vitro measurement of patellar kinematics following reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament.
Ostermeier S, Holst M, Bohnsack M, et al.
Knee surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2007, 15(3), 276-285.
Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy
•Articular cartilage contact pressure after tibial tuberosity transfer. A cadaveric study.
Kuroda R, Kambic H, Valdevit A, Andrish JT.
Am J Sports Med. 2001 Jul-Aug;29(4):403-9.
Trochlear contact pressures after anteromedialization of the tibial tubercle.
Beck PR, Thomas AL, Farr J, et al.
American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2005, 33(11), 1710-1715.
Other Procedures
Distribution of patellofemoral joint pressures after femoral trochlear osteotomy.
Kuroda R, Kambic H, Valdevit A, Andrish J.
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2002 Jan;10(1):33-7. Epub 2001 Nov 9.
Dynamic in vitro measurement of patellar movement after total knee arthroplasty: An in vitro study.
Ostermeier S, Buhrmester O, Hurschler C, et al.
BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2005, 6, 30-30.
Influence of patellar position on tibial rotation after total knee arthroplasty.
Ostermeier S, Tibesku CO, Skwara A, et al.
Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering. 2006, 51(3), 145-152.
Dynamic measurement of patellofemoral kinematics and contact pressure after lateral retinacular release: An in vitro study.
Ostermeier S, Holst M, Hurschler C, et al.
Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy. 2007, 15(5), 547-554.
Surgical Outcomes
Medial Reefing and Lateral Release
Mini-open medial reefing and arthroscopic lateral release for the treatment of recurrent patellar dislocation: a medium-term follow-up.
Nam EK, Karzel RP.
Am J Sports Med. 2005 Feb;33(2):220-30.
MPFL Reconstruction
A long-term follow-up study after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction using the transferred semitendinosus tendon for patellar dislocation.
Deie M, Ochi M, Sumen Y, Adachi N, Kobayashi K, Yasumoto M.
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2005 Oct;13(7):522-8.
Outcomes of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for patellar instability: a systematic review.
Smith TO, Walker J, Russell N
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2007 Nov;15(11):1301-14.
Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for recurrent patellar dislocation: a systematic review including rehabilitation and return-to-sports efficacy.
Fisher B, Nyland J, Brand E, Curtin B.
Arthroscopy. 2010 Oct;26(10):1384-94.
Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy
Correlation of patellar articular lesions with results from anteromedial tibial tubercle transfer.
Pidoriano AJ, Weinstein RN, Buuck DA, et al.
American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1997, 25(4), 533-537.
Anteromedial tibial tubercle transfer without bone graft.
Fulkerson JP, Becker GJ, Meaney JA, et al.
American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1990, 18(5), 490-6.
Combined proximal and distal realignment procedures to treat the habitual dislocation of the patella in adults.
Shen HC, Chao KH, Huang GS, Pan RY, Lee CH.
Am J Sports Med. 2007 Dec;35(12):2101-8.
Long-term evaluation of the Elmslie-Trillat-Maquet procedure for patellofemoral dysfunction.
Naranja RJ Jr, Reilly PJ, Kuhlman JR, Haut E, Torg JS.
Am J Sports Med. 1996 Nov-Dec;24(6):779-84.
Trochleoplasty
Trochleaplasty for recurrent patellar dislocation in association with trochlear dysplasia. A 4- to 14-year follow-up study.
von Knoch F, Böhm T, Bürgi ML, von Knoch M, Bereiter H.
J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006 Oct;88(10):1331-5.
Patellofemoral arthritis.
Grelsamer R P, & Stein D A.
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery; American volume, 2006, 88(8), 1849-1860.
The Etiology of Chondromalacia Patellae.
Outerbridge RE.
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery – Brisitsh Volume. 1961, 43B(4), 752-757.
Symposium. operative treatment of patellofemoral arthritis.
Saleh K J, Arendt EA, Eldridge J, et al.
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery; American volume. 2005, 87(3), 659-671.
Isolierte Arthrose des Patellofemoralgelenks beim jüngeren Patienten (<50 Jahre) [Isolated arthrosis of the patellofemoral joint in younger patients (<50 years)].
Lustig S, Servien E, Biedert R, Neyret P.
Ortopade 2008, 37(9), 848-857. – Italian
The treatment of Patellofemoral Osteoarthritis with Partial Lateral Facetectomy.
Yercan H, Ait SI, Selmi T, Neyret P.
Clin Orthop Relat Red, 2006, 436,14-19
Long-term outcomes of patellofemoral arthroplasty.
van Jonbergen HP, Werkman DM, Barnaart LF, van Kampen A.
J Arthroplasty. 2010 Oct;25(7):1066-71
Patellofemoral Replacement Surgery
Ronald P. Grelsamer, MD
(New)Custom Patellofemoral Arthroplasty of the Knee
Sisto DJ and Sarin VK.
J Bone Jt Surg 2006, 88-A(7): 1475-1480.
